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A major shift from stable occupations with a Levallois-based technology to shorter occupations with a Quina-based technology is observed. The sequence at Axlor exemplifies this variability revealing important changes in technology from ca. This paper explores the nature of the variability noted in the Late Middle Paleolithic lithic technology of the Eastern Cantabrian Region. These new results provide additional information on their dietary scope and indicate a more complex interaction between Neandertals and their environment. This could have brought them closer to Neandertal groups who could have preyed upon them. Corvids, raptors, felids and canids in Axlor could have likely acted as commensals of the Neandertals, scavenging upon the carcasses left behind by these hunter-gatherers. The obtaining of meat was likely the primary purpose of the cut-marks on the golden eagle and lynx remains. We have found cut-marks in two golden eagles, one raven, one wolf and one lynx remain from the Mousterian levels of Axlor.
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Here we present the first evidence of bird and carnivore exploitation by Neandertals in the Cantabrian region. However, the bird and carnivore exploitation record was hitherto limited to the Mediterranean area of the Iberian Peninsula. The Iberian Peninsula has provided the most abundant record of bird exploitation for meat in Europe, starting in the Middle Pleistocene. Neandertals were top predators who basically relied on middle- to large-sized ungulates for dietary purposes, but there is growing evidence that supports their consumption of plants, leporids, tortoises, marine resources, carnivores and birds.